The sympathetic system arises from T1 through L2 and expands to all visceral organs. Three cervical ganglia serve organs of the head. The transmitter dilates the pupil and holds the tarsus muscle to further open the eyes while the lacrimal gland secretes serous fluid to clear the cornea. The heart rate increases and the bronchi dilate. Gut functions generally decrease as does its circulation. Initially, the bladder & gut respond to eliminate excess weight during flight or fight sympathetic responses.

• The sympathetic system arises from T1 through L2 and expands to all visceral organs. Three cervical ganglia serve organs of the head. The transmitter dilates the pupil and holds the tarsus muscle to further open the eyes while the lacrimal gland secretes serous fluid to clear the cornea. The heart rate increases and the bronchi dilate. Gut functions generally decrease as does its circulation. Initially, the bladder & gut respond to eliminate excess weight during flight or fight sympathetic responses.

• Note that the motor neuron is in the cord and the secondary sympathetic neuron is in chain ganglia or peripheral ganglia.